Tuesday, 24 March 2020

Our Change of Plans in Response to the Pandemic, what's Going on in the Gardens, Free Webinars and a New Daily Video Series from the Boys. The Polyculture Project Week 1 - 2020

It's been a while since my last post and it feels as though within that time span everything has changed. The optimist in me believes for the better, the realist believes not without a struggle and the pessimist would not be writing anything at all. It feels as if we have all suddenly woken up from a bizarre dream but can't quite tell what's the dream and what's reality. It's certainly testing times and I hope that you are all keeping well and using this time to benefit your family, friends, and neighbours as best as possible.  

So here's what we've been up to the last few weeks, and how the recent events have affected our project and what we are doing in response to what is happening right now.  


I was in Istanbul for the winter writing for our online course and book. Fortunately, I managed to get back to Shipka a day before the borders shut and feel lucky to back with my family and the plants in the gardens. It's difficult to imagine how that beautiful city will cope with the pandemic but every experience I've had with the people there leads me to believe they will face it with grace and dignity. 

Crossing the Bosphorous - photo by Georgi Pavlov who joined me in Istanbul for a week. 

Back in Shipka, it's been a super busy week as we work on getting our spring plant deliveries out to our customers. Most of the orders are on their way now, however, our courier is not delivering to Italy or Switzerland and the post office is only sending small packages without guaranteed tracking so we're looking for alternatives. With travel bans in place across the globe, our Polyculture Study Crew and European volunteers from the ESC scheme can't make it in April and it looks most likely that our April course and open day will not be possible under the current laws prohibiting groups of more than 2 from gathering. We're expecting that the travel bans will continue into early summer so perhaps we can pick things up in June/July. We will be running our online course starting in May and we'll be running free webinars on growing food intensively in the cities & foraging for wild plants over the next few weeks - more on that later.

Day to day life in Shipka is pretty much like it's been since we arrived 13 years ago, the people of our age and older accustomed to having to rely on the land and each other, and many people here still have fresh in their minds hyperinflation events and political collapse during the 1990's and are well equipped to take care of their basic needs. The main notable differences are that people are wearing masks, the social distancing rules in the local shops and in the nearby town of Kazanlak, and yesterday a large tanker vehicle drove through the village with two people masked up sitting on the back spraying disinfectant on the streets and pavement, a very dystopian scene. The schools have been closed but we've been home educating the boys for 8 years so that does not really make any difference to us personally. Normally when schools are off the kids and their friends take over the house but with the lockdown we've not seen any other kids the last few weeks.

Shipka

Our Plans for this Year 


Our plans have changed this year and most of our trials will be put on hold as we turn our attention to grow more crops. Given the uncertainty, we're going to use this situation as an opportunity to practice a life where the regular food supplies are not reliable. Although we have set up a life here in preparation for such events with perennial crops, diverse fruit and nut trees, and healthy and fertile soil all supporting a wide diversity of wildlife,  we along with probably most people on the planet all too readily take for granted the stability of our economy and supply chains.  We've ordered 40 kg of potatoes from an online vendor that we'll be planting out in Ataraxia. 80 potato plants should provide up to 6 months' worth of meals for a family of four with potatoes on the menu 5 or 6 days week but we've ordered more than we need in case there is a shortage later in the year and some of our neighbors can use them.  We'll also plant plenty of corn in May, and we will grow all of our regular annual crops highly concentrated in polycultures in our back garden. When the last of the spring plant orders are out of the nursery we will move the majority of the nursery plants into the market garden to make more space in the home garden for crops. The boys have already started to plant out nitrogen fixers Alnus cordata  - Italian Alder and Elaeagnus angustifolia - Russian Olive in the nursery beds in Aponia. We are growing our mother Corylus avellana - Hazelnut nut trees in this bed spaced 4 meters apart and will be harvesting division from these plants for new stock (find the cultivars we are growing here). In between the hazels, we are planting patches of the above mentioned Nitrogen-fixing trees and shrubs for a year or two before they go out to our customers.


From the forest gardens, we'll be focusing on preserving fruit and nut harvests this year via drying, and preserving in jars and dipping into the wild larder as much as possible for teas and salads. We'll be getting a batch of 3-day old chicks that Dylan will take care of, that we will grow for 10 weeks and process for meat, and a couple of piglets in May. The ducks are producing eggs for us and with 2 males and 3 females we can expect an expansion of our flock this season if all goes well.

New Daily Video Series from Dylan and Archie


Soph and I thought it would be a good idea to take this time to press the point to our two boys Dylan and Archie not to take things for granted and how important it is to at least know how to meet your fundamental needs. We've made an agreement that when they have finished their help around the gardens and completed a daily video on living off the land they can play as much computer as they like. Dylan and Archie will be making daily videos of what they are up to, the first and second of which you can find below.
Day 1


Day 2 



Forest Garden Plants 


First blossom from a Prunus cerisifera  'Nigra' - Purple Plum we planted in the Autumn, we're looking forward to the first fruits this summer. Somewhat tarter than the usual cherry plums, just how I prefer a plum.


Often considered as a weed by gardeners, Ficaria verna, the ground cover formerly known as  Ranunculus ficaria L. common name Lesser celandine, is welcome in our gardens where it forms dense mats in the understory of the forest garden. The flowers provide great early fodder for bees and the leaves can be eaten when cooked but are poisonous if ingested raw, and potentially fatal to grazing animals and livestock such as horses, cattle and sheep.


Here we have the first-ever blossom from a Prunus domestica - Plum 'Angelino' that we planted a few years back. Hopefully, the fruits will follow this July. I love the suspense of trying a new fruit for the first time, but I have noticed that with fruit cultivars the first blossoms do not always produce fruit. 


Dipsacus laciniatus growth leftover from last winter. This native to Europe and Asia is a perennial herb that may grow up two to three meters in height. The erect, branching stem is hollow and prickly and although I have not investigated the inside of the stems yet it has the potential to serve as overwintering sites for invertebrates. The flowers are much loved by a wide variety of bees and we always encourage this plant to grow in our gardens.



The incredibly potent Nectaroscordum siculum - Bulgarian Honey Garlic  coming up through Vinca minor - Lesser Periwinkle ground cover   


Cornus mas the first trees to flower in our gardens 


Scilla forbesii a bulbous perennial from west Turkey is new to our gardens and we'll be offering it from the nursery next season. Glorious little flowers!


Dylan found this beauty under a strawbale when planting out some boundary trees in the market garden.


The ducks are still free-ranging around the garden and do not make any problems for the emerging garlic plants. We'll likely keep them in their pen when we start sowing the leafy greens as they are partial to the emerging seedlings.  


Looking more like a Starfish at the moment than a plant, this is one of the new Allium plants we are growing for the nursery and around the gardens. Allium atropurpureum is native to our region and a popular ornamental given its beautiful flower. 


Allium sativum planted by the boys a few months ago will be ready for pulling and drying in late June.


Forsythia x intermedia a common ornamental shrub and a native to Bulgaria and Eastern Europe. Makes a great hedge and produces plenty of biomass. 


Salvia growing well during the mild winter we had this year.


Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course 


Want to learn how to design, build and manage regenerative landscapes?  Join us for our Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course from May 1st to Sep 13th, 2023. 

We're super excited about running the course and look forward to providing you with the confidence, inspiration, and opportunity to design, build and manage regenerative landscapes, gardens, and farms that produce food and other resources for humans while enhancing biodiversity.

Regenerative Landscape Design Online Course

You can find out all about the course here and right now we have a 20% discount on the full enrollment fees. Just use the promo code
 RLD2023 in the section of the registration form to receive your discount. 

We are looking forward to providing you with this unique online learning experience - as far as we know, the very first of its kind. If you are thinking of reasons why you should do this course and whether this course is suitable for you, take a look here where we lay it all out. Looking forward to it!

Prunus dulcis cv. - Almond in the blossom in the foreground with Alnus cordata  - Italian Alder in the back. Both plants provide early nectar to the bees and on sunny late winter days are full of pollinators. 


Hedera helix leaves looking stunning. I'm going to use the leaf vein patterns from this leaf as the path design for our next forest garden. 


Prunus dulcis cv. - Almond  blossoms in the rain


Sedem telephium - Orpine regrowth 


The last of the flowers from Galanthus gracilis - Snowdrop . We have these planted under most of our trees to mop up nutrients during the winter and turn the spring light into biomass while all the other plants are still dormant


Free Webinar - Growing Food in Small Spaces and How to Use Nutritional Wild Plants Webinar 

Seeing as everyone will be cooped up over the next few weeks I'll be happy to share what I've learned over the last few decades and connect with those interested in how to grow some of their own plants and learn about some super useful wild plants that can be commonly found growing all over the Temperate, Mediterranean and Subtropical areas of the world.

If you are interested in joining the webinar please fill out the registration form below and when/if we have 50 people registered I'll set a date and look forward to the meeting. Please share this around so if people are interested we can get it going as soon as possible. Here is a link you can share - https://forms.gle/cLJ2fnmEqQ9DNRhZ6


Good luck everyone and wishing you well.

Welcome to our Online Store where you can find Forest Garden/ Permaculture plants, seeds, bulbs and Polyculture multi-packs along with digital goods and services such as Online Courses, Webinars, eBooks, and Online Consultancy.  We hope you enjoy the store and find something you like :) It's your purchases that keep our Project going. Yuu can also find our full list of trees. shrubs and herbs for forest gardens on our website here 

 

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Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course 


Want to learn how to design, build and manage regenerative landscapes?  Join us for our Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course from May 1st to Sep 13th, 2023. 

We're super excited about running the course and look forward to providing you with the confidence, inspiration, and opportunity to design, build and manage regenerative landscapes, gardens, and farms that produce food and other resources for humans while enhancing biodiversity.

Regenerative Landscape Design Online Course

You can find out all about the course here and right now we have a 20% discount on the full enrollment fees. Just use the promo code
 RLD2023 in the section of the registration form to receive your discount. 

We are looking forward to providing you with this unique online learning experience - as far as we know, the very first of its kind. If you are thinking of reasons why you should do this course and whether this course is suitable for you, take a look here where we lay it all out. Looking forward to it!

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We offer a diversity of plants and seeds for permaculture, forest gardens and regenerative landscapes including a range of fruit and nut cultivars. We Deliver all over Europe from Nov - March. - Give a happy plant a happy home :)


Our Bio-Nursery - Permaculture/Polyculture/ Regenerative Landscape Plants 

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Support Our Project 




If you appreciate the work we are doing you can show your support in several ways.

  • Comment, like, and share our content on social media.
  • Donate directly via PayPal to balkanecologyproject@gmail.com or via FTX Pay


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Design and Create Webinars - Forest Gardens, Urban Gardens, Permaculture, Regenerative Farming  
 


We're hosting a range of online learning sessions including how to create habitat to enhance biodiversity, how to design and build a forest garden, polyculture design software tutorials, regenerative farm, and landscape design, urban gardening and much more. If you would like to be notified when our next sessions are coming up please add your email below and hit subscribe and we'll be in touch.




You can also register for our online training, services, and products directly here.

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Wednesday, 19 February 2020

Polyculture Trial - Apple Polyculture vs Monoculture - How Do they Compare in Terms of Costs, Soil Health, Biodiversity, Production and Time?

We are shifting our focus to perennial polyculture experiments and forest garden yields and have been working on a new perennial polyculture trial that we're aiming to start in April 2024. It's a long-term comparative study looking at the input and outputs of growing an Apple tree in polyculture vs monoculture.

Apple Polycutlure vs Apple Monoculture Study 

During this post, I'll present the trial garden and trial design, cover what we will record, and take a look at some of the shortcomings of the study.

So, let's start with a look at the garden where we'll be growing the trials.

Trial Garden Overview 


Location: Shipka, Bulgaria, Southeast Europe
Köppen Climate Classification - Dfc borderline Cfb
USDA Hardiness Zone: 5b (conservative) - 7a (risky)
Latitude: 42° 
Elevation: 565 m
Average Annual Rainfall: 610 mm 
Prevailing Wind: NW & NE
Garden Area - 352m2
Garden Location on our Project Map - See here

We'll be growing four trials on the plot as seen in the below image. We chose this plot as each trial will more or less experience equal environmental conditions. There is a very mild slope on the site from N - S and no slope W-E.

Perennial Polyculture Research Garden - Orexis

The plant we chose to feature in the trial is Apple - Malus pumila ‘Red Cap’


Here's some info on this cultivar
  • Origin: A mutation of a spur Red Delicious with a sweet taste and a crisp texture.
  • Growth: Strong growth, develops more shoots in comparison with other spur mutants of Red  Delicious.
  • Fruit Colour: Ripens with a full deep dark red colour.
  • Fruit Size: Big, elongated fruits.
  • Fruit Storage: Good, similar to other clones of Red Delicious.
  • Taste: The fruit is sweet, with crunchy and firm flesh, which becomes softer during long storage. 
  • Flowering: Early to midseason bloom.  It blooms relatively early, but for a long period. Good pollinator cultivars include Evereste, Idared and Golden Delicious.
  • Production: Early and regular, at the end of September and beginning of October.
We've selected feathered whips (generally bigger than a whip with well-developed side branches) 2nd year on the graft with Rootstock - MM106. The selected plants will be of equal shoot and root mass.


The Four Trials 


We'll be growing 4 trials with each trial planted in a 56m2 area. The trials will include 2 polycultures and 2 monocultures as shown below.




Polyculture 1  - Suitable for broadscale application- Apple planted with two Nitrogen fixing shrubs (Elaeagnus umbellata) and bulbs at the base of the tree. The spacing of the shrubs and bulbs is such that a compact utility tractor can operate within the orchard, leaving two strips of wildflowers between tree and shrub rows.

You can find an example of how this polyculture would look within an orchard setting in the below image.



Polyculture 2 - Intensive polyculture. only really practical for gardens or small market gardens, schools, parks or small scale landscaping in general. It will be high maintenance.



Monoculture Organic - Apple cultivation with the full works of organic synthesized proprietary products applied  (all recommended fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and fungicides).


Monoculture Conventional - Apple cultivation with the full works of non-organic synthesized proprietary products applied (all recommended fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and fungicides).



Species List for Each Trial
QtyBotanicalCommonFamily Function
Orexis- Polyculture 2
CANOPY LAYER
1Malus pumila 'Red Cap'Apple Rosacea Productive - Food
SHRUB LAYER
1Ribes rubrumRedcurrant GrossulariaceaeProductive - Food
1Ribes nigrumBlackcurrant GrossulariaceaeProductive - Food
2Elaeagnus umbellataAutumn OliveElaeagnaceaeSupport - Nitrogen Fixation - Productive
HERB LAYER
6Symphytum x uplandicumComfrey - 'Bocking 14'BoraginaceaeSupport
Mulch/Polleniser
2Foeniculum vulgareFennel Apiaceae
Umbelliferae
Productive - Support
2Origanum vulgareOreganoLamiaceae Productive - Support
10Allium tuberosumChinese Chives AlliaceaeProductive - Support
GROUND LAYER
48Allium ursinumWild Garlic CaryophyllaceaeSupport
Polleniser
Native Ground Cover - See Existing Flora Sheet
BULBS - Tree Pits
4Galanthius sp.Snow DropsAmaryllidaceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
4Corydalis bulbosaCrested LarkPapaveraceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
4Crocus nudiflorusAutumn CrocusIridaceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
Orexis- Polyculture 1
CANOPY LAYER
1Malus pumila 'Red Cap'Apple Rosacea Productive - Food
SHRUB LAYER
2Elaeagnus umbellataAutumn OliveElaeagnaceaeSupport - Nitrogen Fixation - Productive
GROUND LAYER
Native Ground Cover - See Existing Flora Sheet
BULBS - Tree Pits
4Galanthius sp.Snow DropsAmaryllidaceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
4Corydalis bulbosaCrested LarkPapaveraceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
4Crocus nudiflorusAutumn CrocusIridaceaeSupport
Polleniser/Mineral Repositor
Orexis-Organic
CANOPY LAYER
1Malus pumila 'Red Cap'Apple Rosacea Productive - Food
GROUND LAYER
Native Ground Cover - See Existing Flora Sheet
Orexis- Conventional
CANOPY LAYER
1Malus pumila 'Red Cap'Apple Rosacea Productive - Food
GROUND LAYER
Native Ground Cover - See Existing Flora Sheet

Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course

Want to learn how to design, build and manage regenerative landscapes? Join us on our Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course.

The course includes 20 lessons, with 20 hours of one-to-one mentoring/consultancy, drawn from over 20 years of experience designing, implementing and managing polyculture gardens, farms, food forests and regenerative landscapes across a variety of climate zones.

We look forward to providing you with the confidence, inspiration, and opportunity to design, build and manage landscapes that produce food and other resources for humans while enhancing biodiversity.

You can access all of the course material without the one-to-one tutoring by becoming a paid annual subscriber to our Substack, which grants you access to the Bloom Room for just 70 USD per year. Subscribe below to join now.

I look forward to having you join us!


What we will Record


What we will record - Soil Physical Analysis - Three Soil physical tests will be taken every 3 years in the locations seen in the below image, and should be rotated so that they are taken in a different quarter of the area every 3 years.



What we will record - Annual soil mineral analysis - Each year soil samples within each plot will be collected and sent off to the lab to test for  N-P-K-Mg-Ca and soil organic matter.


Our project mission is to develop and promote practices that can produce food and other resources for humans while enhancing biodiversity, so it's important to us to record biodiversity within the trials. We'll attempt to do this via simple botanical and invertebrate surveys.


What we will record - Botany - On the first week of each month during April - September, we’ll photograph all flowering vegetation within each trial plot, identify species and record on sheets.


What we will record - Invertebrates  - In the 2nd week of May - July, and September we will carry out  2 surveys (Thur & Fri) . The surveys will consist of';
  • Sweep netting - 10 mins - Ground/grass layer 
  • Vegetation Beating - 10 mins - Tree/shrub and herb layer
  • 4 Pitfall traps set on Thursday and emptied on Friday.
The number of unique species identified will be recorded for each plot.


What we will record - Biomass - All arisings from mowing will be weighed and recorded for each trial. For the two polyculture trials, we'll also record the biomass trimmed from the E.umbellata shrubs that will be cut annually and kept trimmed to 1 m width and 1.5 m height. All trimmings will be weighed fresh and recorded on site.

The below image indicates (in greenish grey) the area of each plot that will be mown.


What we will Record - Growth and Development - The development during the year will be recorded using the BBCH Scale I.


Growth will be recorded by the girth of stem at the base and new growth at end of the season, the no. of flowers in the spring, and the weight of  the fruits in the autumn.


What we will Record - Management - Polyculture 1 and 2 - Time and Cost to Manage each Trial

Fertility - Apply 20 L of compost to the surface of the planting area every spring for 4 years. 
Mulching - Apply a thick mulch (10 - 20 cm deep) when the ground is thoroughly soaked and before the dry season begins for 4 - 5 years. 
Irrigation - Applying approx 20 L of water every 20 days without rain (or when the soil is dry below the surface). 
Weed/Mow - Mow area every 4th week of the month April - September.
Pruning - Formative prune when young i.e pruning to form the desired shape of the mature tree. Standard prune every year, i.e remove deadwood and crossover branches.

What we will Record - Management - Organic and Conventional - Time and Cost to Manage each Trial

Fertility - Application of recommended fertility additives.
Spraying - Application of recommended organic pesticide, fungicide, and herbicide additives.
Irrigation - Applying approx 20 L of water every 20 days without rain (or when the soil is dry below the surface). 
Weed/Mow - Mow area every 4th week of the month April - September. 
Pruning - Formative prune when young i.e pruning to form the desired shape of the mature tree. Standard  Prune every year i.e remove deadwood and crossover branches.

What we will Record - Time and Cost to Establish each Plot

Plant, Materials and Labour costs will be recorded for each trial.

Thank you Simon Leupi for your feedback and suggestions on the study design, and to Chris Mallorie for discussing the trial with me, and working on the organic fertility and pesticide protocol.

Support Our Project

If you appreciate the work we are doing you can show your support in several ways.



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We offer a diversity of plants and seeds for permaculture, forest gardens and regenerative landscapes including a range of fruit and nut cultivars. We Deliver all over Europe from Nov - March. - Give a happy plant a happy home :)


Our Bio-Nursery - Permaculture/Polyculture/ Regenerative Landscape Plants