Balkan Ecology Project : Pest and Diseases in the Market Garden

Our chief strategy to deal with pest and disease in the vegetable gardens is to reduce plant stress levels as much as possible. We achieve this by well timed planting out, providing adequate irrigation and building healthy soils with diverse microbiology to nurture the plants.

Other steps we take are to try many cultivars and stick with the ones that perform best, grow our own plants from seed and only select the healthiest seedlings (for some species we save seed from the best performing plants). We also plant in polycultures to make it more difficult for pests to locate our plants and we introduce various habitats in the gardens for pest predators such as hedgehogs, birds, snakes, lizards, frogs, toads, ladybirds, wasps, mantids and beetles. Finally we practice manual pest removal for certain pests such as Cabbage White eggs and Brassica Bug adults. Our aim with pest and disease organisms is not to entirely eliminate them but to reduce them to a point where they do not make significant damage.

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Victoria Bezhitashvili who has joined us for the polyculture study this year has been observing and recording pests and diseases found within the market garden specifically those that interact with the annual vegetable crops. Below you can see a record of her initial observations made in April-May. Another set of observations will be recorded later in the year to follow up. Many thanks Victoria for this report!

Pest and Disease Records - Annual Vegetable Crops in the Polyculture Beds - 2018 by Victoria Bezhitashvili

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Kale Brassica oleracea var. sabellica	Brassicaceae	Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) - most plants Leaf miner – some plants Caterpillars of Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) - some plants	Not significant separately, combined effect can be significant

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Leaf miner (unidentified) on kale plant

$C:\Users\user\Desktop\pest-disease check\IMG_20180616_105809.jpg$

Newly hatched caterpillars of Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) on kale plant

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), bush beans and climbing beans	Fabaceae	Bacterial bean blight (prob. Halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)– some plants Eaten leaves (prob. True bugs) prob. Black bean aphid Aphis fabae, farmed by ants	Not significant Not significant Not significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_162836.jpg$

Bacterial bean blight (prob. Halo blight, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)

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Bean leaves, eaten by prob. true bugs

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Maize (Zea mays), 2 different varieties	Gramineae	One variety - stunted growth in the shaded area, chlorosis (pale colour) The third variety – new leaves curled, distorted, pale, prob. virus – third of plants	Potentially Significant Potentially Significant

$C:\Users\user\Desktop\pest-disease check\IMG_20180611_111249.jpg$

Distorted new corn leaves, prob. virus

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Early Potatoes	Solanaceae	Eaten leaves (prob. True bugs) Wilted leaves, spots, necrosis of old leaves (Late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans)	Not significant Not significant at the moment of check, potentially can have a negative impact

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_163403.jpg$

Wilted potatoes leaves, spots, necrosis (Late
blight - Phytophthora infestans)

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Sunflower Helianthus annuus	Asteraceae	Eaten leaves (prob. True bugs) Those near Paulownia – chlorosis (prob. N deficiency or lack of water), spots (secondary fungal infection), necrosis	Not significant Can be significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180611_110949.jpg$

Sunflower leaf

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Parsnip Pastinaca sativa	Apiaceae	Maggot of celery leaf mining fly Euleia heraclei – one plant Eaten leaves (prob. True bugs)	Not significant Not significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_163826.jpg$

Maggot of celery leaf mining fly Euleia heraclei
on a parsnip plant

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Beetroot Beta vulgaris	Chenopodioideae	Eaten leaves (not specific pest) Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola	Not significant Not significant, potentially can have an impact on beet size

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_163702.jpg$

Cercospora leaf spot on beetroot, caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Broccoli Brassica oleracea var. italica	Brassicaceae	Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) – all plants Aphids (green (Cabbage aphid -Brevicoryne brassicae) and black) The harlequin cabbage bug (Murgantia histrionica) Cabbage Curculio - a small weevil (Ceutorhynchus rapae) Caterpillars of Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) - some plants	Potentially Significant on some plants Combined effect can be significant Older plants are more resilient

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_164316.jpg$

Brassica or Cabbage Bug (Eurydema oleracea)

$C:\Users\user\Desktop\pest-disease check\IMG_20180609_165300.jpg$

Whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella) on broccoli plant

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Necrosis by prob. heat wave on young broccoli plant

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Cabbage Curculio - a small weevil (Ceutorhynchus rapae) on broccoli plant

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Aphids on broccoli plant eaten by Ladybug

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Caterpillar of Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) on broccoli plant

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Squash Cucurbita pepo	Cucurbitaceae	Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum – mild on old plants, prominent on young Leaf miner – one plant Uniform chlorosis on some plants – prob. N deficiency	Not significant Not significant Not significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180610_112611.jpg$

Powdery mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum on young squash plant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_170142.jpg$

Uniform chlorosis on old leaves (N deficiency??), squash plant

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Basil Ocimum basilicum	Lamiaceae	Chlorosis, wilting, stunted growth, spots– replanting, deficiency, bacteria (???) Prob. Downy mildew Peronospora belbahrii/ too weak plants during replanting	Potentially Significant

$C:\Users\user\Desktop\pest-disease check\IMG_20180610_111236.jpg$

Weak and damaged basil plants, multiple influencing factors

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Turnip Brassica rapa subsp. Rapa Swede Brassica napobrassica)	Brassicaceae	Brassica or Cabbage Bug (Eurydema oleracea) Chlorosis and necrosis of old leaves – investment into roots Dark leaf spot - prob. Alternaria brassicicola	Not significant Not significant Not significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_165918.jpg$

Brassica or Cabbage Bug (Eurydema oleracea)
on turnip plant (grown next to broccoli)

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_165135.jpg$

Senescence of old leaves on turnips

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Tomato Solanum lycopersicum	Solanaceae.	Chlorosis and necrosis of old leaves, spots – late blight, caused by the fungus-like oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans	Potentially can be significant, previous experience proved no impact on fruits

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_170711.jpg$

Late blight on tomatoes, caused by the fungus-like
oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans

CROP	FAMILY	PROBLEM	LEVEL OF DAMAGE (IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY) April - May
Cucumber Cucumis sativus	Cucurbitaceae	Necrosis of leaves edges, spots holes – prob. downy mildew (caused by the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis) Green caterpillar (only nest?)	Not significant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180609_171451.jpg$

prob. downy mildew (caused by the
oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on cucumber plant

$C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\INetCache\Content.Word\IMG_20180611_110913.jpg$

prob. downy mildew (caused by the oomycete
Pseudoperonospora cubensis) on cucumber plant

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Saturday, 14 July 2018

Pest and Diseases in the Market Garden

Pest and Disease Records - Annual Vegetable Crops in the Polyculture Beds - 2018 by Victoria Bezhitashvili

Upcoming Forest Garden Courses

Regenerative Landscape Design - Online Interactive Course

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We offer a diversity of plants and seeds for permaculture, forest gardens and regenerative landscapes including a range of fruit and nut cultivars. We Deliver all over Europe from Nov - March. - Give a happy plant a happy home :)

Our Bio-Nursery - Permaculture/Polyculture/ Regenerative Landscape Plants

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Support Our Project

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Design and Create Webinars - Forest Gardens, Urban Gardens, Permaculture, Regenerative Farming

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