This week the majority of the tomatoes from the Polyculture Market Garden Study had cracks around the tops or along the sides. We weighed out 6.100 kg of tomatoes in good condition and 16.325 kg of split tomatoes that are okay for preserving in jars, but not suitable for market. A further 2.925 kg of tomatoes were in poor condition and only fit for the pig and chickens, who did not seem to mind at all :)
The tomatoes in our 9 year old residential garden also suffered, although not as badly.
The tomatoes in our 9 year old residential garden also suffered, although not as badly.
So why have our tomatoes cracked up this week? Here's some information on tomato cracking and how to deal with it in the ecological garden.
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What is cracking?
Cracking is the splitting of the epidermis around the calyx or stem scar (top of the tomato). There are two types of fruit cracking in tomatoes.
(a) Concentric cracking, which is a splitting of the epidermis in circular patterns around the stem scar.
(b) Radial cracking which is a splitting of the epidermis from the stem scar towards the blossom end, i.e, from top to bottom.
It's possible for both types of cracks to appear at the same time
1. Had we harvested the day before the heavy rain was forecast we could have saved a large percentage of the crop.
2. Proper water management, i.e, not over irrigating and watering at fixed intervals and increasing or decreasing quantities as needed.
3. Having a diversity of cultivars reduced the complete loss of a marketable crop.
4. Pick the split tomatoes early and use for canning, ketchup/sauces or dried tomatoes. These products can be marketed in the winter. We also picked a lot of green tomatoes and will see how they ripen in the sun, otherwise these can be used in pickles and chutneys.
5.Removing cracked fruit early also has the added benefit of not allowing the fungal and mould organisms to build up in your beds.
(a) Concentric cracking, which is a splitting of the epidermis in circular patterns around the stem scar.
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| Cultivar 'Black Krim' shows high susceptibility both in green and ripe fruits |
(b) Radial cracking which is a splitting of the epidermis from the stem scar towards the blossom end, i.e, from top to bottom.
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| Cultivar 'Paulina F1' - a minor crack making the fruit unfit for market, but perfectly fine for processing |
Why does cracking occur?
Cracking depends on the ability of the epidermal cells (plant skin) to stretch. Some varieties have an epidermis that stretches well and will have very little or no circular cracking. Other varieties can have the opposite situation where they do not stretch well and have a lot of cracking.
From the cultivars we are growing, the most susceptible were 'Black Krim' - an otherwise excellent tomato with incredible flavour - and 'Rozova Magia' - a Bulgarian cultivar with huge fruits and a wonderful taste. The table below indicates how our cultivars fared.
From the cultivars we are growing, the most susceptible were 'Black Krim' - an otherwise excellent tomato with incredible flavour - and 'Rozova Magia' - a Bulgarian cultivar with huge fruits and a wonderful taste. The table below indicates how our cultivars fared.
| Cultivar name | Color | Maturity (days) E, M , L | Genetic type | Resistance to Cracking Season 2015 |
| Alicante | Red | E - 55–70 | Heirloom | excellent |
| Black Krim | Purple/ Brown | M-L - 69-90 | Heirloom | very poor |
| Citrina | Yellow | M -75-90 | Heirloom | good |
| Paulina BG F1 | Red | E - 55–70 | Hybrid | moderate |
| Marglobe | Red | M -75-90 | Heirloom | moderate |
| Rozova Magia | Pink | M - 70–80 | Heirloom | poor |
When Does cracking occur?
Cracking occurs as the tomato nears maturity. More susceptible varieties crack in the mature green stage and more tolerant varieties at later stages. The earlier the cracking then the deeper and longer the crack becomes. An older crack can cause a secondary problem of fungi colonising the exposed flesh. If left too long, the fruit cannot be used for processing.
Circular cracking can often occur on ripe tomatoes that are on the vine too long.
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| Some kind of fungal organism developing in a deep and wide concentric crack |
Circular cracking can often occur on ripe tomatoes that are on the vine too long.
Causes of cracking
1. Alterations in the growth rate - Plants have periods where they might have very fast growth followed by slow growth and then fast again. These changes can cause fruit nearing maturation to crack. If the cells have "hardened" during the last slow growth, then in the next fast growth period they may not be able to stretch enough and the epidermis cracks.
2. Fast growth - Some varieties have periods of very fast fruit growth with high temperatures and moisture levels.
3. Fruit temperature fluctuations and leaf removal - Wide fluctuations in temperature can also induce cracking. This is true especially when plants have been de-leafed too early leaving fruit without protection. The exposed fruit heats up dramatically in the sun. At night it cools relatively quickly, and the difference is bigger than it would have been had the leaves covered the fruit. The expansion and contraction of the epidermis and its cells can result in cracking.
4. Rain and irrigation. Rain and excess irrigation will often cause cracking and if the fruit lacks leaf cover then the effect is even more dramatic. Tomato crops that do not receive water at regular intervals but rather receive it periodically at large intervals are likely to have cracking.
I believe the main factor contributing to the large quantity of our tomatoes having cracks is the 3 days of heavy rainfall we had following deep irrigation of the beds. Our irrigation has been somewhat erratic this year which has also resulted in poor leaf formation so this has probably exacerbated the cracking.
2. Fast growth - Some varieties have periods of very fast fruit growth with high temperatures and moisture levels.
3. Fruit temperature fluctuations and leaf removal - Wide fluctuations in temperature can also induce cracking. This is true especially when plants have been de-leafed too early leaving fruit without protection. The exposed fruit heats up dramatically in the sun. At night it cools relatively quickly, and the difference is bigger than it would have been had the leaves covered the fruit. The expansion and contraction of the epidermis and its cells can result in cracking.
4. Rain and irrigation. Rain and excess irrigation will often cause cracking and if the fruit lacks leaf cover then the effect is even more dramatic. Tomato crops that do not receive water at regular intervals but rather receive it periodically at large intervals are likely to have cracking.
I believe the main factor contributing to the large quantity of our tomatoes having cracks is the 3 days of heavy rainfall we had following deep irrigation of the beds. Our irrigation has been somewhat erratic this year which has also resulted in poor leaf formation so this has probably exacerbated the cracking.
How we will try to prevent cracking or reduce the problem of cracking
2. Proper water management, i.e, not over irrigating and watering at fixed intervals and increasing or decreasing quantities as needed.
3. Having a diversity of cultivars reduced the complete loss of a marketable crop.
4. Pick the split tomatoes early and use for canning, ketchup/sauces or dried tomatoes. These products can be marketed in the winter. We also picked a lot of green tomatoes and will see how they ripen in the sun, otherwise these can be used in pickles and chutneys.
5.Removing cracked fruit early also has the added benefit of not allowing the fungal and mould organisms to build up in your beds.
References
Grower Solutions Magazine - Lefroy Valley April 2002
Grower Solutions Magazine - Lefroy Valley April 2002
The Royal Horticultural Society Pests and Diseases - 1997
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We are looking forward to providing you with this unique online learning experience - as far as we know, the very first of its kind. If you are thinking of reasons why you should do this course and whether this course is suitable for you, take a look here where we lay it all out. Looking forward to it!
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Thanks for this post. The same thing happened to me in Portugal, we had the first proper rain in about 2 months and many of our tomatoes have cracked. Good to know what causes it and what we can do to lessen the damage.
ReplyDeleteClara
Hi Clara
ReplyDeleteGlad to hear you found it useful.
Happy growing :)
Hi Paul
ReplyDeleteWhat do you do with tomato plants after harvesting, when they start dying back? I've been trying to find out what different people do, I thought the best should be to put them back in the soil or compost, but I've found people saying that's not a good idea as tomatoes are susceptible to various soil bourne diseases that would contaminate both.
Hi Clara, I cut the plants to ground level and chop the stems into small pieces, around 5-10 cm, onto the surface of the beds (chop and drop) and leave the roots in the ground to decompose. I've been doing this for 9 yrs with the toms in the same beds each year and we get good yields each yr. So far this yr we've had just under 100 kg of marketable tomatoes from 36m2 of polyculture beds. Last yr we had 96 kg ( follow link for the write up - http://balkanecologyproject.blogspot.bg/2014/11/productive-polycultures.html) I should add we grow the tomatoes with other crops in the beds in a ployculture. You can read about the cultivation methods here http://balkanecologyproject.blogspot.bg/2013/09/guilds-and-yields.html
ReplyDeleteCheers
Paul
Fantastic - thank you!
Delete